Landscaping and gardening work presents a diverse range of health and safety hazards. From power tools and machinery to hazardous substances and manual handling, the outdoor nature of the work adds weather exposure and environmental hazards to the mix. Whether you're a self-employed gardener or run a commercial landscaping company, understanding and managing these risks is essential.
This guide covers the key health and safety requirements for landscapers and gardeners working in the UK.
The Legal Framework
Landscaping and gardening is governed by several key regulations:
Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 - General duties on employers and the self-employed to ensure safety so far as reasonably practicable.
Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998 (PUWER) - Requirements for safe machinery, maintenance, guarding, and operator training.
Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 (COSHH) - Covers pesticides, herbicides, fertilisers, and other chemicals.
Control of Noise at Work Regulations 2005 - Relevant given noise levels from landscaping machinery.
Control of Vibration at Work Regulations 2005 - Applies to power tool users.
Manual Handling Operations Regulations 1992 - Covers the physical demands of the work.
Machinery Safety
Power tools and machinery cause serious injuries in landscaping. Proper equipment selection, maintenance, and operator training are essential.
Common Equipment Hazards
| Equipment | Main Hazards | Key Controls |
|---|---|---|
| Lawn mowers | Blade contact, projectiles, overturning | Guards, proper use, training, ground assessment |
| Strimmers/brushcutters | Flying debris, blade contact | Guards, eye/face protection, leg protection |
| Hedge trimmers | Blade contact, falls | Guards, proper technique, stable position |
| Chainsaws | Severe lacerations, kickback | Full PPE, certified training, maintenance |
| Chippers/shredders | Entanglement, blade contact | Guards, safe feeding, trained operators |
| Ride-on mowers | Overturning, blade contact | ROPS, ground assessment, training |
| Mini excavators | Crushing, overturning, services | Training, ground conditions, cable avoidance |
PUWER Requirements
The regulations require:
- Equipment suitable for its intended purpose
- Proper maintenance
- Adequate guarding of dangerous parts
- Safe controls and emergency stops
- Operator training and information
Chainsaw Safety
Chainsaws require particular attention due to the severity of potential injuries.
Training requirements:
- Anyone using a chainsaw at work must be trained and competent
- Different certificates for different operations:
- CS30/31 - maintenance and cross-cutting
- CS32 - felling small trees
- CS38/39 - tree climbing operations
PPE requirements:
- Helmet with visor and ear defenders
- Chainsaw gloves
- Chainsaw trousers or chaps
- Chainsaw boots with cut protection
- High-visibility if working near traffic
Safe use:
- Regular maintenance and chain sharpening
- Check for loose screws and damaged parts before use
- Clear working area
- Plan escape routes before felling
- Never cut above shoulder height
- Two-person working for felling operations
Equipment Maintenance
- Daily pre-use checks
- Regular servicing schedule
- Immediate repair or withdrawal of faulty equipment
- Records of maintenance and repairs
- Guards and safety devices must be maintained
Hand-Arm Vibration
Landscaping tools expose workers to significant vibration, risking Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome (HAVS).
High-Vibration Tools
Common landscaping tools producing significant vibration:
- Chainsaws
- Strimmers and brushcutters
- Hedge trimmers
- Leaf blowers
- Plate compactors
- Breakers
Exposure Limits
| Level | Value | Action Required |
|---|---|---|
| Exposure Action Value | 2.5 m/s² | Action to reduce exposure |
| Exposure Limit Value | 5 m/s² | Must not be exceeded |
Exposure depends on vibration magnitude AND duration. A few hours with high-vibration tools can exceed limits.
Controls
- Select lower-vibration equipment where available
- Maintain tools properly (sharp blades, balanced)
- Limit exposure duration
- Rotate tasks between workers
- Anti-vibration gloves (limited benefit but part of overall approach)
- Keep hands warm (cold increases harm)
- Health surveillance for regular users
Recognising HAVS
Early warning signs:
- Tingling or numbness in fingers
- Fingers turning white in cold (blanching)
- Difficulty with fine movements
- Pain or aching in hands and arms
Report symptoms early - the condition worsens without intervention.
Noise Exposure
Landscaping is a noisy occupation. Uncontrolled exposure causes permanent hearing damage.
Typical Noise Levels
| Equipment | Typical Level |
|---|---|
| Chainsaw | 100-110 dB(A) |
| Strimmer/brushcutter | 95-105 dB(A) |
| Ride-on mower | 90-100 dB(A) |
| Leaf blower | 95-105 dB(A) |
| Hedge trimmer | 90-100 dB(A) |
| Chipper/shredder | 95-110 dB(A) |
Exposure averaging 85 dB(A) over 8 hours causes hearing damage.
Legal Requirements
| Level | Action |
|---|---|
| 80 dB(A) Lower Action | Provide hearing protection on request, inform of risks |
| 85 dB(A) Upper Action | Hearing protection mandatory, demarcate noisy areas |
| 87 dB(A) Limit | Must not be exceeded (at ear with protection) |
Controls
- Use quieter equipment where possible
- Hearing protection for all noisy work
- Limit exposure duration
- Maintain equipment (worn parts increase noise)
- Health surveillance for regular exposure
COSHH - Chemical Hazards
Landscaping involves various hazardous substances requiring proper assessment and control.
Common Substances
| Substance | Hazards | Controls |
|---|---|---|
| Pesticides/herbicides | Toxic, skin absorption, environmental | Training, PPE, COSSH assessment, application records |
| Fertilisers | Irritant, some toxic | Gloves, storage, follow instructions |
| Petrol and diesel | Flammable, skin defatting | Safe storage, avoid skin contact, no smoking |
| Chainsaw bar oil | Skin irritation | Gloves, avoid contact |
| Cement and concrete | Corrosive, burns, dermatitis | Gloves, wash off contact |
| Creosote | Toxic, skin sensitiser | Avoid if possible, full PPE if essential |
Pesticide Use
Many pesticides require specific qualifications:
- PA1 - Foundation module (required for all professional use)
- PA2 - Ground-mounted boom sprayer
- PA6 - Handheld applicator
- Additional modules for specific equipment
Requirements:
- COSHH assessment before use
- Read and follow label instructions
- Use approved products only
- Keep records of applications
- Wear specified PPE
- Observe re-entry periods
- Store securely
Biological Hazards
Leptospirosis (Weil's disease):
- Spread through rat urine in water/soil
- Particularly common near waterways
- Cover cuts and abrasions
- Wash hands before eating
- Seek medical attention for flu-like symptoms after water contact
Tetanus:
- Ensure vaccination is current
- Risk from soil contamination of cuts
Lyme disease:
- From tick bites in overgrown areas
- Check for ticks after work
- Know symptoms and seek treatment early
Leptospirosis from Garden Work
A landscaper developed flu-like symptoms a week after working in an overgrown garden with a stream running through it. He had existing cuts on his hands which were not covered during the work. His condition deteriorated over several days before he sought medical attention.
The landscaper was diagnosed with leptospirosis and required hospital treatment. Recovery took several weeks. Investigation found he had not been warned about the risk despite regularly working near water, and had not been advised to cover cuts or about the symptoms to watch for.
- •Cover all cuts and abrasions when working in environments where leptospirosis is a risk
- •Workers should be informed about the risk and symptoms
- •Flu-like symptoms after water contact should prompt medical review
- •Good hygiene (hand washing before eating) reduces transmission
Manual Handling
Landscaping is physically demanding, with significant manual handling risks.
High-Risk Activities
- Lifting and carrying materials (paving, soil bags, plants)
- Digging and excavation
- Loading and unloading vehicles
- Moving equipment
- Repetitive tasks (planting, weeding)
- Wheelbarrow use on uneven ground
Controls
Reduce handling:
- Mechanical aids where possible (mini-diggers, telehandlers)
- Delivery to point of use
- Smaller pack sizes
- Team lifting for heavy items
- Wheelbarrows and trolleys
Improve technique:
- Training in proper lifting technique
- Plan lifts before starting
- Clear routes and work areas
- Use handles and grip points
- Avoid twisting while handling
Working posture:
- Vary tasks to avoid prolonged repetition
- Use kneeling pads
- Take breaks from repetitive activities
- Long-handled tools to reduce bending
Working at Height
While primarily ground-level work, landscaping can involve height hazards.
Common Height Work
- Tree surgery and pruning
- Hedge cutting at height
- Working on slopes and embankments
- Using ladders for access
- Roof gardens and elevated areas
Controls
For tree work:
- Certificated climbers for tree surgery
- Aerial lifts (MEWPs) where appropriate
- Ground-based methods where possible
- Full climbing equipment properly inspected
For hedges and general work:
- Long-reach tools from ground level
- Platforms and towers rather than ladders
- Secure footing on slopes
- Don't overreach from any equipment
Ladder use:
- Only for short-duration work
- Proper setup on firm, level ground
- Secured or footed
- Three points of contact
Working Near Water
Landscaping near ponds, streams, and other water features creates drowning risks.
Hazards
- Falling into water
- Deep or cold water
- Steep or slippery banks
- Hidden depths
- Strong currents
Controls
- Assess water hazards before work
- Barriers or exclusion zones where practicable
- Life-saving equipment (throw lines) where relevant
- Don't work alone near significant water hazards
- Know emergency procedures
- Consider personal flotation devices for high-risk situations
Weather and Environment
Outdoor work exposes landscapers to environmental hazards.
Heat and Sun
- Sunburn and skin cancer risk (especially for regular outdoor workers)
- Heat exhaustion and heat stroke
- Dehydration
Controls:
- Sunscreen and reapplication throughout day
- Cover skin with loose clothing
- Work in shade where possible
- Adequate water intake
- Rest in shade during hottest periods
- Know signs of heat illness
Cold
- Hypothermia risk in prolonged cold
- Reduced dexterity affecting safe tool use
- Increased vibration damage when cold
Controls:
- Appropriate clothing and layers
- Warm rest areas available
- More frequent breaks in cold
- Keep hands warm (reduces vibration damage)
- Know limits for cold weather work
Lightning
- High risk for outdoor workers
- Get to shelter at first sign of approaching storm
- Avoid open areas, isolated trees, water
- If no shelter, crouch low (don't lie flat)
Working Surfaces
- Wet grass and slopes
- Uneven ground
- Holes and hidden hazards
- Ice in winter
Controls:
- Suitable footwear with good grip
- Assess ground before using equipment
- Clear debris from work areas
- Mark or avoid hidden hazards
Traffic and Public Safety
Many landscaping jobs involve working in public areas or near traffic.
Traffic Risks
- Working on roadside verges
- Vehicle movements on driveways and car parks
- Delivery and collection vehicles
Controls:
- Hi-vis clothing when near traffic
- Traffic management for roadside work
- Barriers and signage
- Separate people from vehicle movements
Protecting the Public
When working in public areas:
- Barrier off work areas
- Warning signs for hazards
- Secure equipment when unattended
- Don't create trip hazards
- Be aware of people approaching
- Flying debris from tools
Client Properties
- Inform clients of hazards during work
- Protect property from damage
- Clear up at end of each day
- Secure gates if requested
Higher Risk Practice
- •Strimming near pedestrians without protection
- •Leaving equipment unattended in public area
- •No hi-vis when working near roads
- •Not checking for underground services
Lower Risk Practice
Recommended- •Barrier off work area, pause for passers-by
- •Secure all equipment, tools locked in vehicle
- •Hi-vis always worn near traffic
- •Cable avoidance scan before digging
Underground Services
Excavation work risks striking underground services.
The Risks
- Electricity cables - electrocution, burns
- Gas pipes - explosion, fire
- Water mains - flooding, contamination
- Telecommunications - service disruption
Controls
Before digging:
- Obtain service plans from utility companies
- Use cable avoidance tools (CAT) to scan the area
- Mark located services
- Hand dig near services
During work:
- Watch for signs of services (warning tape, marker posts)
- Stop if you uncover anything unexpected
- Report immediately if you strike a service
- Know emergency procedures for each service type
Employer Responsibilities
If you employ landscapers or gardeners, significant duties apply.
Legal Requirements
- Written health and safety policy (5+ employees)
- Risk assessments for work activities
- COSHH assessments for chemicals
- Employers' liability insurance (compulsory)
- Training and supervision
Training Requirements
Ensure workers have:
- Equipment training for all tools they use
- Chainsaw certificates (if using chainsaws)
- Pesticide certificates (PA1 + relevant modules)
- Manual handling awareness
- First aid (particularly for remote working)
Health Surveillance
Consider for workers with:
- Significant noise exposure (hearing tests)
- Significant vibration exposure (symptom monitoring)
- Regular pesticide use (as per product requirements)
- Outdoor skin cancer risk
PPE Provision
Employers must provide appropriate PPE:
- Hearing protection
- Eye protection
- Safety footwear
- Chainsaw PPE where required
- Hi-vis clothing
- Gloves appropriate to task
Insurance Requirements
Employers' Liability Insurance
Compulsory if you employ anyone. Minimum £5 million cover.
Public Liability Insurance
Essential for landscaping businesses. Covers:
- Injury to members of public
- Damage to client property
- Environmental incidents
Professional Indemnity
Consider if you provide design services.
Common Questions
Frequently Asked Questions
Anyone using a chainsaw at work needs certificated training appropriate to their tasks. CS30/31 covers maintenance and cross-cutting, CS32 covers felling small trees, CS38/39 covers aerial work. Your employer must ensure you're trained before using a chainsaw. Even if self-employed, you should hold appropriate certificates.
Yes. Professional use of most pesticides requires the PA1 foundation certificate plus the relevant application module (PA2 for boom sprayers, PA6 for handheld equipment, etc.). Some low-risk products can be used without certification, but always check the label requirements.
Use lower-vibration tools where available, maintain equipment well (sharp blades, balanced), limit exposure time, rotate tasks between workers, keep hands warm. Anti-vibration gloves provide limited additional protection. Health surveillance can detect early signs of damage.
Eye protection or face shield, hearing protection, sturdy footwear, leg protection (especially for brushcutters), and appropriate gloves. Hi-vis if near traffic. Long trousers and sleeves protect against flying debris.
Usually yes, but assess the risks first. Lone working is higher risk for tasks like chainsaw work, working near water, or remote locations. Have check-in procedures, carry a phone, and know when tasks shouldn't be done alone.
Move away from the area immediately - don't touch the cable or anything metallic. Call the emergency number for the utility company and keep others away. Don't attempt repairs yourself. Report the incident under your accident procedures.
Yes. Outdoor workers have significantly higher skin cancer rates. Use sunscreen (SPF 30+, reapply through the day), cover skin with clothing, wear a hat, take breaks in shade, and check skin regularly for changes. This is a real occupational risk, not just comfort.
Public liability insurance is essential (covers damage to clients and their property). Employers' liability is only required if you employ others. Consider tool and vehicle insurance too. Most clients expect to see evidence of public liability cover.
Cover all cuts and abrasions when working near water or in areas rats may have contaminated. Wash hands thoroughly before eating. Know the symptoms (flu-like illness starting 2-3 weeks after exposure) and tell your doctor about potential exposure if you become ill.
At minimum, a first aid kit appropriate for the work and an appointed person. For remote work or higher-risk activities (chainsaw use), consider first aid training. If you employ people, assess first aid needs based on hazards and how far from emergency services you work.
Summary
Landscaping and gardening involves a wide range of hazards requiring systematic management. The key requirements include:
- Machinery safety - proper equipment, guarding, maintenance, and trained operators
- Chainsaw competence - certificated training for all chainsaw operations
- Vibration and noise - assessment, control, and health surveillance
- COSHH compliance - assessment and control of chemical hazards
- Pesticide certification - PA1 and relevant modules for professional spraying
- Manual handling - mechanical aids, proper technique, varied tasks
- Environmental hazards - sun protection, heat and cold management, biological risks
Professional safety standards protect your health, your employees, and your business reputation while meeting your legal obligations.
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*This guidance covers key health and safety requirements for UK landscapers and gardeners. It is not exhaustive and does not constitute legal advice.