Window cleaning has traditionally been associated with ladders and high buildings - and with significant fall risks. The industry has transformed in recent decades with the widespread adoption of water-fed pole systems for residential work, but working at height remains the central safety challenge.
This guide covers the essential health and safety requirements for window cleaners in the UK, with particular focus on the Work at Height Regulations and the hierarchy of control that should guide all window cleaning decisions.
The Legal Framework
Window cleaning is governed by several key regulations:
Work at Height Regulations 2005 - The primary regulations governing any work where someone could fall and be injured. These regulations transformed window cleaning by establishing the hierarchy of control that now guides the industry.
Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 - General duties on employers and the self-employed to ensure safety so far as reasonably practicable.
Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 - Requires risk assessment for all work activities.
Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations 1998 (LOLER) - Applies to cradles, platforms, and access equipment.
The Hierarchy of Working at Height
The Work at Height Regulations require a strict hierarchy that has fundamentally changed window cleaning practice.
1. Avoid Working at Height
First question: Can the window be cleaned from the ground?
For the vast majority of residential and low-rise commercial window cleaning, the answer is now yes - using water-fed pole systems. These have become the industry standard because they eliminate fall risk entirely.
2. Prevent Falls
If height work is necessary, use equipment that prevents anyone from falling:
- Scaffolding with edge protection
- Mobile elevating work platforms (MEWPs)
- Cradles and suspended platforms
- Building access equipment designed for the purpose
3. Minimise Consequences
Where falls cannot be prevented:
- Personal fall protection (harnesses with proper anchor points)
- Safety nets where appropriate
- Fall arrest systems
Where Do Ladders Fit?
Ladders are at the bottom of the hierarchy. They should only be used when:
- The task is of short duration
- Other methods aren't reasonably practicable
- The risks have been properly assessed
- The ladder is used correctly
This is a significant change from traditional practice. Many jobs that were once done from ladders are now done with poles.
Ladders are low in the hierarchy of controls - for most residential windows, water-fed poles are now the standard because they eliminate fall risk entirely by allowing work from the ground. Ladders should only be used when other methods aren't reasonably practicable and for short-duration work.
Water-Fed Pole Systems
Water-fed poles have revolutionised window cleaning safety by allowing windows to be cleaned from ground level.
How They Work
- Telescopic pole reaches up to window height
- Purified (deionised) water is pumped through the pole
- Brush head agitates and loosens dirt
- Pure water rinses and dries streak-free
Safety Advantages
- No fall risk - operator stays on ground
- No ladder handling - eliminates manual handling of ladders
- Better access - can reach windows not safely accessible by ladder
- Reduced time at each property
When Poles Are Appropriate
Water-fed poles work well for:
- Residential windows (typically up to 3 storeys)
- Low-rise commercial buildings
- Conservatories and roof windows (from ground level)
- Regular maintenance cleaning
Limitations
Poles may not be suitable for:
- Very high buildings (practical reach limits)
- Heavily soiled windows requiring manual scraping
- Certain internal cleaning requirements
- Some awkward access situations
- Very dirty water supply areas (without purification equipment)
Equipment Safety
Even working from the ground requires safety awareness:
- Check overhead hazards (power lines, branches)
- Ensure stable footing
- Be aware of traffic and pedestrians
- Manage hose/cable runs to prevent trips
- Don't overreach causing loss of balance
Ladder Safety for Window Cleaning
When ladder use is justified after proper assessment, strict safety requirements apply.
When Ladders May Be Appropriate
- Internal windows not reachable by pole
- Windows requiring scraping or manual cleaning
- Access where poles can't reach
- Short-duration work with proper assessment
Ladder Selection
Use only industrial grade ladders:
- EN 131 Professional classification
- Rated for trade use
- Class 1 or EN 131 Professional (150kg rating)
Domestic ladders are not suitable for commercial window cleaning.
Safe Setup
The basics:
- Sound, level base (use levelling devices if needed)
- Correct angle (75 degrees - 1 out for every 4 up)
- Secured at top where possible, or footed by another person
- Extend at least 3 rungs above landing point
Standoff devices:
- Keep ladder stable against the building
- Prevent ladder sliding sideways
- Improve working position
Safe Use
- Three points of contact when climbing
- Work within arm's reach - don't overreach
- Keep belt buckle within the stiles
- Face the ladder when climbing
- Carry equipment in a tool belt or bucket hook
- Don't carry heavy items up ladders
Weather Conditions
Don't use ladders when:
- High winds (gusts can blow you off balance)
- Wet or icy surfaces (ladder feet slip)
- Lightning risk
- Reduced visibility affecting safe work
Fatal Ladder Fall
An experienced window cleaner fell from his ladder while cleaning first-floor windows at a residential property. He was working alone, the ladder was not secured or footed, and he had reached beyond his safe working envelope. The ladder slipped sideways.
The window cleaner fell approximately 4 metres and suffered fatal head injuries. Investigation found he had been offered training on water-fed pole systems but had continued with traditional methods. The company was prosecuted for failure to ensure safe systems of work.
- •Experience doesn't eliminate ladder risks
- •Ladders must be secured or footed
- •Water-fed poles eliminate this type of incident entirely
- •Lone working increases consequences when accidents occur
High-Rise and Commercial Window Cleaning
Work on tall buildings requires specialist equipment and trained personnel.
Cradles and Platforms
Suspended access equipment (building maintenance units, cradles):
- Requires thorough examination before first use
- Six-monthly thorough examination
- Operators must be trained and competent
- Weather restrictions on use
- Emergency procedures essential
Rope Access
Industrial rope access for window cleaning:
- Technicians must be trained (IRATA or similar)
- Two-rope systems required
- Full equipment checks before each use
- Work in teams - never alone on ropes
- Requires specific risk assessment and rescue plan
Mobile Elevating Work Platforms (MEWPs)
Cherry pickers and scissor lifts:
- Operators must be trained (IPAF or equivalent)
- Ground conditions must be suitable
- Outriggers used correctly
- Traffic management where needed
- Weather restrictions apply
Building Access Systems
Purpose-designed access systems on buildings:
- Must be maintained and tested regularly
- Users must be trained on the specific system
- Check before each use
- Know the weight limits and safe working loads
Risk Assessment
Every window cleaning job requires risk assessment.
What to Assess
Access method:
- Can windows be cleaned from ground level (poles)?
- If not, what is the safest method?
- Are ladders justified or should other equipment be used?
Site-specific hazards:
- Ground conditions
- Overhead hazards (power lines, trees)
- Traffic
- Public access areas
- Access constraints
Environmental factors:
- Weather conditions (current and forecast)
- Light levels
- Surface conditions (wet, icy)
Documentation
For regular clients, a site-specific risk assessment can cover routine visits. Review when:
- Conditions change
- Incidents occur
- Methods change
- Significant time has passed
Communicating Risks
Ensure all workers understand:
- The assessed risks for each site
- The required control measures
- When to stop work (e.g., weather deterioration)
- How to report new hazards
Chemical Hazards
While water-fed systems have reduced chemical use, some window cleaning still involves chemical products.
Common Chemicals
| Product | Hazards | Controls |
|---|---|---|
| General glass cleaners | Low hazard | Standard hygiene |
| Alkaline solutions | Skin/eye irritation | Gloves, avoid splashes |
| Acid solutions (hard water removal) | Corrosive | Gloves, eye protection |
| Frame cleaning products | Variable | Check SDS, appropriate PPE |
COSHH Requirements
For any hazardous cleaning chemicals:
- Obtain Safety Data Sheets
- Assess the risks
- Use appropriate PPE
- Store safely
- Train workers on safe use
Manual Handling
Window cleaning involves significant manual handling, even with modern methods.
Common Handling Tasks
- Carrying and setting up ladders
- Loading and unloading equipment
- Carrying water purification equipment
- Handling buckets and supplies
- Assembling and carrying poles
Controls
Equipment design:
- Choose lightweight ladders appropriate for the work
- Use wheeled containers for heavy equipment
- Consider vehicle-mounted water systems
- Use pole systems with good ergonomics
Technique:
- Proper lifting and carrying technique
- Two-person handling for heavy ladders
- Don't rush - take time to set up properly
- Plan your route before carrying equipment
Traffic and Public Safety
Window cleaners often work near roads and in areas with public access.
Traffic Management
When working near roads:
- Hi-vis clothing essential
- Consider timing to avoid peak traffic
- Be aware of vehicles approaching
- Don't place equipment in roadways
- Consider whether traffic management is needed
Protecting the Public
When working in public areas:
- Barrier off work areas beneath elevated positions
- Warning signs for wet areas
- Secure all equipment
- Be aware of pedestrians
- Don't create trip hazards with hoses/cables
Vehicle Safety
Window cleaning vehicles:
- Secure all equipment during transit
- Check ladders are properly restrained
- Safe loading and unloading
- Don't park in dangerous positions
Lone Working
Many window cleaners work alone. This requires specific consideration.
Risks of Lone Working
- No immediate help if injured
- Security risks at some properties
- No one to foot ladders
- Longer time before problems are noticed
Controls
Communication:
- Check-in procedures (start, during, end of day)
- Mobile phone carried and charged
- Clear escalation if check-ins are missed
Work practices:
- Avoid ladder work alone where possible
- Use water-fed poles (safer for lone workers)
- Know limits of solo work
- Have procedure for emergencies
When Not to Work Alone
Consider whether lone working is appropriate for:
- Ladder work at height
- Rope access (never alone)
- High-risk sites
- Remote locations
Higher Risk for Lone Worker
- •Working from unsecured ladder alone
- •No check-in procedure
- •No phone signal at site
- •Remote property with no neighbours
Lower Risk for Lone Worker
Recommended- •Using water-fed pole from ground
- •Regular check-ins with office
- •Phone always accessible
- •Populated area, help available
Weather Considerations
Weather significantly affects window cleaning safety.
Wind
Ladder work:
- Don't use ladders in strong winds
- Gusts can affect balance even when apparently calm
- Consider forecast, not just current conditions
Pole work:
- High poles become difficult to control in wind
- Extended poles act as sails
Rain and Wet Conditions
- Wet ladder rungs increase slip risk
- Wet ground affects ladder stability
- Wet surfaces where you're standing
- Consider whether the job can wait
Cold and Ice
- Ice on ladders is extremely dangerous
- Frozen ground may be unstable for ladder feet
- Ice on windows may affect cleaning quality
- Allow extra time in cold conditions
Lightning
- Never work at height during electrical storms
- Monitor weather and get down before storms arrive
- Ladders and poles can act as conductors
Employer Responsibilities
If you employ window cleaners, significant duties apply.
Legal Requirements
- Written health and safety policy (5+ employees)
- Risk assessments for work activities
- Employers' liability insurance (compulsory)
- Training and supervision
- Equipment provision and maintenance
Training
Workers need:
- Understanding of Work at Height Regulations
- Competence with equipment they use
- Risk assessment awareness
- Emergency procedures
- Site-specific induction where needed
Equipment
Employers must provide:
- Appropriate equipment for the work (poles, ladders, access equipment)
- Equipment in good condition
- PPE where required
- Regular inspection and maintenance
Supervision
Level depends on:
- Experience of workers
- Risk level of sites
- Complexity of work
- Individual training needs
Insurance Requirements
Employers' Liability Insurance
Compulsory if you employ anyone. Minimum £5 million cover.
Public Liability Insurance
Essential for window cleaning businesses. Covers:
- Injury to members of public
- Damage to customer property
- Claims from incidents during work
Most commercial clients require evidence of public liability cover.
Professional Indemnity
Consider if you provide specialist advice or services.
Common Questions
Frequently Asked Questions
No, but their use must be justified through risk assessment. The Work at Height Regulations require you to follow the hierarchy of control - avoiding height work where possible (water-fed poles), preventing falls with safer equipment, before considering ladders. Ladders are only appropriate when other methods aren't reasonably practicable and for short-duration work.
There's no mandatory qualification, but workers should be trained in the equipment they use. This includes proper setup, operation, awareness of hazards (overhead cables, trip hazards), and equipment care. Training ensures effective and safe work.
Internal ladders may be appropriate where pole systems don't work (e.g., fixed internal windows). The same hierarchy applies - can you clean from ground level first? If ladders are needed, ensure proper setup, don't overreach, and consider whether the duration justifies ladder use versus other equipment.
Public liability insurance is essential (not legally required but practically necessary). Employers' liability is compulsory if you employ anyone. Cover limits of £1-5 million public liability are common, with most commercial clients requiring evidence of cover before starting work.
You need to assess risks for all your work. For regular clients, a site-specific assessment can cover routine visits. For new sites, assess before starting. Review assessments when conditions change, incidents occur, or methods change. Generic assessments for common situations are acceptable but must be applied to each job.
There's no fixed legal limit. Risk assessments should identify appropriate limits for your work. As guidance, ladder work becomes risky in sustained winds above 23 mph. Pole work becomes difficult in lower winds due to the length of the pole. Monitor conditions throughout the day.
It's not prohibited but increases risk significantly. A footed ladder is safer than an unfooted one. Where possible, avoid lone ladder work - use water-fed poles instead. If lone ladder work is necessary, ensure robust check-in procedures and consider limiting the height and duration.
Before each use (visual check for obvious damage), periodically in more detail (check stiles, rungs, feet, locking mechanisms), and formally at intervals based on use intensity. Keep records of inspections. Replace any ladder showing damage or wear.
You must follow the hierarchy of control regardless of customer preference. Explain that regulations require you to use the safest reasonably practicable method. If pole cleaning achieves the result safely, that's what should be used. Don't compromise on safety to satisfy customer expectations.
Rope access requires specific training (IRATA or equivalent). However, high-rise work can also be done using cradles, platforms, or MEWPs - each requiring appropriate training. The method choice depends on the building, equipment available, and worker competence. Never attempt rope access without proper training.
Summary
Window cleaning safety has been transformed by the Work at Height Regulations and the widespread adoption of water-fed pole systems. The key requirements include:
- Following the hierarchy - avoid working at height where possible (use poles), prevent falls when height work is necessary, minimise consequences as a last resort
- Water-fed poles - now the standard for most residential work, eliminating fall risk
- Ladder safety - only when justified, proper equipment, correct setup and use
- Risk assessment - site-specific assessment applying the hierarchy
- Weather awareness - knowing when conditions are too dangerous
- Lone working - appropriate procedures and communication systems
The industry has become significantly safer through these changes. Continuing to apply the hierarchy of control on every job protects window cleaners and their businesses.
Related content
Topics:
- Working at Height - Fall prevention guidance
- Workplace Safety - General safety requirements
Articles:
Related sectors:
- Cleaners - Cleaning contractor safety
- Painters & Decorators - Height work and access
- Small Business - General business requirements
Tools:
- Responsibility Checker - Find out what applies to you
*This guidance covers key health and safety requirements for UK window cleaners. It is not exhaustive and does not constitute legal advice.